Average roughness (valley to peak)
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a European Union regulation dating from 18 December 2006. REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the environment.
Recirculates the cleaning fluids through the vessel or pipework to be cleaned. After the end of the detergent recirculation stage the fluid is recovered to a storage tank and is then available for use on a subsequent clean. There are different degrees of recovery with some sets recovering water, detergent (alkaline, acidic, neutral) and disinfectant.
The concentrate, the retained liquid. Relevance to membrane filtration.
Reynolds Number (Re) = Velocity in Pipe x Hydraulic Diameter / Kinematic Viscosity where Kinematic Velocity = Viscosity / Density. Hydraulic Diameter is dependent on the pipe shape. If Re < 2320 then the liquid flow is laminar. If Re > 2320 then the liquid flow is turbulent.
Rinse aid contain chemicals called surfactants, which lower the surface tension of water. So instead of forming droplets, the water spreads into thin sheets that uniformly shed from the article (e.g. a glass).
A function of the probability of an adverse health effect and the severity of that effect, consequential to a hazard(s) in food. (Codex)
A process consisting of three components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. (Codex)
Risk assessment is the scientific part of the risk analysis process in which the hazards and risk factors are identified and the risk is calculated. Apart from an end point calculation of risk, the risk model developed can be of value in determining the parts of the chain which contribute most to risk or to investigate the effect of changes in practices or processes throughout the chain on the risk level. Risk assessment contains 4 elements: - hazard identification which identifies particular hazards or contaminants in a product or process - exposure assessment which estimates the intake/exposure of the hazard by the consumer - hazard characterisation which relates exposure to the hazard with a public health effect (illness/ death) frequently by assessing the dose-response relationship - risk characterisation which calculates the risk from the exposure (intake) and dose-response estimate (effect).
Risk communication involves transparent communication between the risk assessors (scientists) and the risk managers (regulators, industry, government agencies etc.). The results of risk assessment and risk management should be communicated more widely to the relevant stakeholders, including consumers.
The process, distinct from risk assessment, of weighing policy alternatives, in consultation with all interested parties, considering risk assessment and other factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair trade practices, and, if needed, selecting appropriate prevention and control options. (Codex)
A carpet cleaning technique in which a detergent solution is worked into the carpet pile by a brush or bonnet mop attached to a rotary slow speed (Aprox 150rpm) machine. Loosened soil is usually removed by vacuuming, commonly called shampooing.
Revolutions per minute.
